Singapore

RV Develop reading and viewing skills, strategies, attitudes and behaviour and text type-specific comprehension skills and strategies, strengthened by exposure to wide reading and viewing.

• Reading Comprehension and Viewing Skills, Strategies, Attitudes and Behaviour

  • RV.LO2 Process and comprehend age-/ year level-appropriate texts at literal and inferential levels

    • RV.LO2.1 Close Reading and Viewing

      • RV.LO2.1.a Use prior knowledge (e.g., knowledge of the topic, familiar concepts or sociocultural knowledge)

      • RV.LO2.1.b Use contextual clues:

        • RV.LO2.1.b.1 topic sentences

          • Choose the topic sentence that best captures the main idea (H1-G.1)
          • Choose the topic sentence that best captures the main idea (H2-G.1)

        • RV.LO2.1.b.2 knowledge of vocabulary

          • Use etymologies to determine the meanings of words (H1-P.1)
          • Determine the meaning of words using synonyms in context (H1-S.1)
          • Determine the meaning of words using antonyms in context (H1-S.2)
          • Domain-specific vocabulary in context: science and technical subjects (H1-S.4)
          • Use etymologies to determine the meanings of words (H2-P.1)
          • Determine the meaning of words using synonyms in context (H2-S.1)
          • Determine the meaning of words using antonyms in context (H2-S.2)
          • Domain-specific vocabulary in context: science and technical subjects (H2-S.4)

        • RV.LO2.1.b.3 cohesive devices

          • Transitions with conjunctive adverbs (H1-J.1)
          • Transitions with conjunctive adverbs (H2-J.1)

        • RV.LO2.1.b.4 typographical and visual features

        • RV.LO2.1.b.5 text features

      • RV.LO2.1.c Make predictions based on, e.g.,

        • RV.LO2.1.c.1 contextual clues (e.g., headings, key words)

        • RV.LO2.1.c.2 patterns and relationship of ideas (e.g., cause-effect, points of view)

      • RV.LO2.1.d Skim for the gist/ main idea

      • RV.LO2.1.e Scan for details

      • RV.LO2.1.f Sequence more complex details (in chronological or spatial order) Distinguish cause from effect, fact from opinion (e.g., by noting outcomes, personal comments)

      • RV.LO2.1.g Categorise and classify given details

      • RV.LO2.1.h Compare and contrast ideas

      • RV.LO2.1.i Analyse organisational patterns in a text:

        • RV.LO2.1.i.1 list/ sequence of ideas/ events

        • RV.LO2.1.i.2 comparison-contrast

        • RV.LO2.1.i.3 cause-effect

        • RV.LO2.1.i.4 problem-solution

        • RV.LO2.1.i.5 reasons/ assumptions-conclusion

      • RV.LO2.1.j Make inferences to draw conclusions from, e.g.,

        • RV.LO2.1.j.1 contextual information

        • RV.LO2.1.j.2 writer's viewpoints

        • RV.LO2.1.j.3 implied information

          • Compare passages for tone (H1-B.4)
          • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H1-C.2)
          • Interpret the figure of speech (H1-C.4)
          • Analyse the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone (H1-C.8)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H1-I.1)
          • Choose the word whose connotation and denotation best match the sentence (H1-Q.2)
          • Compare passages for tone (H2-B.4)
          • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H2-C.2)
          • Interpret the figure of speech (H2-C.4)
          • Analyse the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone (H2-C.8)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H2-I.1)
          • Choose the word whose connotation and denotation best match the sentence (H2-Q.2)

      • RV.LO2.1.k Identify different points of view (e.g., first person, third person)

        • Identify the narrative point of view (H1-C.1)
        • Identify the narrative point of view (H2-C.1)

      • RV.LO2.1.l Interpret and integrate information from a variety of sources (e.g., maps, graphs, diagrams)

      • RV.LO2.1.m Ask a variety of questions at different levels (e.g., clarifying, open-ended questions) about the texts read or viewed

      • RV.LO2.1.n Formulate questions to guide research

      • RV.LO2.1.o Gather information independently from a range of print and non-print sources (e.g., using search engines, keywords, databases)

      • RV.LO2.1.p Select and evaluate relevant information from various sources for defined information needs

        • Identify supporting evidence in a text (H1-H.4)
        • Identify supporting evidence in a text (H2-H.4)

      • RV.LO2.1.q Paraphrase information or ideas (using own words or synonyms/ antonyms)

      • RV.LO2.1.r Summarise ideas (from one/ multiple paragraphs or an extract)

      • RV.LO2.1.s Identify the purpose and audience of texts read or viewed

        • Identify audience and purpose (H1-B.3)
        • Identify audience and purpose (H2-B.3)

      • RV.LO2.1.t Identify and analyse techniques (e.g., music/ sound, image/ visual effects) used in written and visual texts to achieve a variety of purposes

      • RV.LO2.1.u Establish criteria for responding to written and visual texts

      • RV.LO2.1.v Synthesise information using a variety of organisational patterns (e.g., comparison-contrast, problem-solution)

  • RV.LO3 Apply critical reading and viewing by focusing on implied meaning, higher-order thinking, judgement and evaluation

    • RV.LO3.1 Critical Reading, Viewing and Appreciation

      • RV.LO3.1.a Evaluative Response

        • RV.LO3.1.a.1 Read or view a text closely and offer interpretations of it

          • Which text is most formal? (H1-B.1)
          • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H1-C.2)
          • Interpret the figure of speech (H1-C.4)
          • Which text is most formal? (H2-B.1)
          • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H2-C.2)
          • Interpret the figure of speech (H2-C.4)

        • RV.LO3.1.a.2 Solve problems imaginatively and creatively by:

          • RV.LO3.1.a.2.1 posing critical questions based on what is read or viewed

          • RV.LO3.1.a.2.2 identifying causes and generating possible solutions

          • RV.LO3.1.a.2.3 choosing the best option

        • RV.LO3.1.a.3 Recognise writers' intentions (e.g., through their use of words, literary language)

          • Which text is most formal? (H1-B.1)
          • Compare passages for tone (H1-B.4)
          • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H1-C.2)
          • Interpret the figure of speech (H1-C.4)
          • Analyse the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone (H1-C.8)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H1-I.1)
          • Choose the word whose connotation and denotation best match the sentence (H1-Q.2)
          • Which text is most formal? (H2-B.1)
          • Compare passages for tone (H2-B.4)
          • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H2-C.2)
          • Interpret the figure of speech (H2-C.4)
          • Analyse the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone (H2-C.8)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H2-I.1)
          • Choose the word whose connotation and denotation best match the sentence (H2-Q.2)

        • RV.LO3.1.a.4 Make generalisations at a critical level from, e.g.,

          • RV.LO3.1.a.4.1 connections within/ across texts (such as conflicting information on the same topic)

            • Compare passages for tone (H1-B.4)
            • Compare passages for tone (H2-B.4)

          • RV.LO3.1.a.4.2 transference of understanding to new contexts

        • RV.LO3.1.a.5 Provide and interpret evidence to support understanding

          • Choose the best evidence to support a claim (H1-H.3)
          • Identify supporting evidence in a text (H1-H.4)
          • Choose the analysis that logically connects the evidence to the claim (H1-H.6)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H1-I.1)
          • Choose the best evidence to support a claim (H2-H.3)
          • Identify supporting evidence in a text (H2-H.4)
          • Choose the analysis that logically connects the evidence to the claim (H2-H.6)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H2-I.1)

        • RV.LO3.1.a.6 Evaluate information, recommendation or line of thought (based on reasons, consequences, implications) for, e.g.,

          • RV.LO3.1.a.6.1 credibility/ accuracy/ premise of ideas (such as in the use of propaganda, exaggeration and fallacy)

            • Distinguish facts from opinions (H1-H.1)
            • Choose the best evidence to support a claim (H1-H.3)
            • Identify supporting evidence in a text (H1-H.4)
            • Choose the analysis that logically connects the evidence to the claim (H1-H.6)
            • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H1-I.1)
            • Distinguish facts from opinions (H2-H.1)
            • Choose the best evidence to support a claim (H2-H.3)
            • Identify supporting evidence in a text (H2-H.4)
            • Choose the analysis that logically connects the evidence to the claim (H2-H.6)
            • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H2-I.1)

          • RV.LO3.1.a.6.2 sufficiency of information

      • RV.LO3.1.b Connections

        • RV.LO3.1.b.1 Make connections between a text and other points of view/ ideas

        • RV.LO3.1.b.2 Abstract ideas/ themes from a text and apply to a new situation

        • RV.LO3.1.b.3 Compare different types of texts (e.g., literary vs expository, narrative vs factual recount) based on general or specific given criteria

        • RV.LO3.1.b.4 Compare written and visual texts

        • RV.LO3.1.b.5 Identify the meaning conveyed by the interplay of what is written and the visuals in a text

      • RV.LO3.1.c Elements of Style in a Variety of Texts

        • RV.LO3.1.c.1 Demonstrate understanding of how a writer's style can impact the readers'/ viewers' interpretation of a text (e.g., in terms of its purpose, audience, context and culture) through, e.g.,

          • RV.LO3.1.c.1.1 choice of words (e.g., use of emotive words in commercials or advertisements)

            • Which text is most formal? (H1-B.1)
            • Compare passages for tone (H1-B.4)
            • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H1-I.1)
            • Choose the word whose connotation and denotation best match the sentence (H1-Q.2)
            • Which text is most formal? (H2-B.1)
            • Compare passages for tone (H2-B.4)
            • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H2-I.1)
            • Choose the word whose connotation and denotation best match the sentence (H2-Q.2)

          • RV.LO3.1.c.1.2 writing techniques (e.g., use of quotes, cynicism, wit)

          • RV.LO3.1.c.1.3 use of literary language (e.g., ambiguity, antithesis)

            • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H1-C.2)
            • Recall the source of an allusion (H1-C.3)
            • Interpret the figure of speech (H1-C.4)
            • Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox (H1-C.5)
            • Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement (H1-C.6)
            • Classify the figure of speech: review (H1-C.7)
            • Analyse the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone (H1-C.8)
            • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H2-C.2)
            • Recall the source of an allusion (H2-C.3)
            • Interpret the figure of speech (H2-C.4)
            • Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox (H2-C.5)
            • Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement (H2-C.6)
            • Classify the figure of speech: review (H2-C.7)
            • Analyse the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone (H2-C.8)

          • RV.LO3.1.c.1.4 use of sentences (e.g., short or long, simple or complex) and paragraphs

            • Which text is most formal? (H1-B.1)
            • Is the sentence simple, compound, complex or compound-complex? (H1-U.5)
            • Which text is most formal? (H2-B.1)
            • Is the sentence simple, compound, complex or compound-complex? (H2-U.5)

• Reading and Viewing of Different Types of Rich Texts

  • RV.LO4 Apply close and critical reading and viewing to a variety of literary selections and informational/ functional texts, from print and non-print sources, for learning in the literary/ content areas and to understand how lexical and grammatical items are used in context

    • RV.LO4.1 Reading and Viewing literary Texts

      • RV.LO4.1.a Theme

        • RV.LO4.1.a.1 Identify similar themes in stories/ texts and apply this knowledge to interpret the texts

        • RV.LO4.1.a.2 Compare themes in stories/ texts

      • RV.LO4.1.b Genres

        • RV.LO4.1.b.1 Identify and compare specific characteristics among different genres of literature and link them to their purposes

          • Identify audience and purpose (H1-B.3)
          • Identify audience and purpose (H2-B.3)

      • RV.LO4.1.c Text Response (including prose/ poetry/ drama)

        • RV.LO4.1.c.1 Recognise plot structure (i.e., initiating events, complications, climax, resolution), where applicable

        • RV.LO4.1.c.2 Relate the setting (e.g., place, time) to the meaning, mood and tone of the text

        • RV.LO4.1.c.3 Identify the sequence of events (e.g., chronological, historical sequence to determine, for e.g., their influence on future actions)

        • RV.LO4.1.c.4 Make predictions (e.g., based on contextual evidence)

        • RV.LO4.1.c.5 Analyse how characterisation is achieved through, e.g.,

          • RV.LO4.1.c.5.1 qualities/ traits (e.g., positive, negative)

          • RV.LO4.1.c.5.2 facial expression and body language

          • RV.LO4.1.c.5.3 impact (e.g., on other characters, plot development, final resolution

        • RV.LO4.1.c.6 Identify and analyse organisational structures, text features and language features in texts comprising a mixture of types and forms

          • Which text is most formal? (H1-B.1)
          • Compare passages for tone (H1-B.4)
          • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H1-C.2)
          • Interpret the figure of speech (H1-C.4)
          • Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox (H1-C.5)
          • Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement (H1-C.6)
          • Classify the figure of speech: review (H1-C.7)
          • Analyse the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone (H1-C.8)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H1-I.1)
          • Choose the word whose connotation and denotation best match the sentence (H1-Q.2)
          • Which text is most formal? (H2-B.1)
          • Compare passages for tone (H2-B.4)
          • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H2-C.2)
          • Interpret the figure of speech (H2-C.4)
          • Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox (H2-C.5)
          • Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement (H2-C.6)
          • Classify the figure of speech: review (H2-C.7)
          • Analyse the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone (H2-C.8)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H2-I.1)
          • Choose the word whose connotation and denotation best match the sentence (H2-Q.2)

        • RV.LO4.1.c.7 Interpret various points of view, e.g.,

          • RV.LO4.1.c.7.1 writer's/ poet's

          • RV.LO4.1.c.7.2 characters'

        • RV.LO4.1.c.8 Identify the speaker of a poem/ story

        • RV.LO4.1.c.9 Show awareness of how the writer's use of language (e.g., simile, metaphor, personification, irony) varies according to the purpose and audience for the writing to achieve impact

          • Identify audience and purpose (H1-B.3)
          • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H1-C.2)
          • Recall the source of an allusion (H1-C.3)
          • Interpret the figure of speech (H1-C.4)
          • Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox (H1-C.5)
          • Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement (H1-C.6)
          • Classify the figure of speech: review (H1-C.7)
          • Analyse the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone (H1-C.8)
          • Identify audience and purpose (H2-B.3)
          • Interpret the meaning of an allusion from its source (H2-C.2)
          • Recall the source of an allusion (H2-C.3)
          • Interpret the figure of speech (H2-C.4)
          • Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox (H2-C.5)
          • Classify the figure of speech: anaphora, antithesis, apostrophe, assonance, chiasmus, understatement (H2-C.6)
          • Classify the figure of speech: review (H2-C.7)
          • Analyse the effects of figures of speech on meaning and tone (H2-C.8)

        • RV.LO4.1.c.10 Appreciate the rhyme and rhythm, repetition, similes, and sensory images in poems

          • Interpret the figure of speech (H1-C.4)
          • Classify the figure of speech: review (H1-C.7)
          • Interpret the figure of speech (H2-C.4)
          • Classify the figure of speech: review (H2-C.7)

        • RV.LO4.1.c.11 Identify the common conventions in drama (e.g., soliloquy, aside, dramatic irony)

    • RV.LO4.2 Reading and Viewing Informational/ Functional Texts

      • RV.LO4.2.a Layout

        • RV.LO4.2.a.1 Identify typographical and visual features (e.g., captions, font types/ sizes, text layout, illustrations)

        • RV.LO4.2.a.2 Identify text features (e.g., titles/ headlines, main and sub-headings, captions/ labels for visuals)

        • RV.LO4.2.a.3 Recognise the organisational patterns in a text (e.g., comparison-contrast, problem-solution)

      • RV.LO4.2.b Text Response

        • RV.LO4.2.b.1 Make predictions about the content of a text using, e.g.,

          • RV.LO4.2.b.1.1 prior knowledge

          • RV.LO4.2.b.1.2 typographical and visual features

          • RV.LO4.2.b.1.3 text features

          • RV.LO4.2.b.1.4 organisational patterns

          • RV.LO4.2.b.1.5 organisational structure (e.g., in an exposition, thesis statement – justification – restatement of thesis)

        • RV.LO4.2.b.2 Explain whether predictions about the content of a text are acceptable or should be modified and why

        • RV.LO4.2.b.3 Restate the gist/ main idea and key details

        • RV.LO4.2.b.4 Examine the arguments for or against an issue, including the quality of the arguments

          • Choose the best evidence to support a claim (H1-H.3)
          • Identify supporting evidence in a text (H1-H.4)
          • Choose the analysis that logically connects the evidence to the claim (H1-H.6)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H1-I.1)
          • Choose the best evidence to support a claim (H2-H.3)
          • Identify supporting evidence in a text (H2-H.4)
          • Choose the analysis that logically connects the evidence to the claim (H2-H.6)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H2-I.1)

        • RV.LO4.2.b.5 Identify and interpret the evidence in arguments, e.g.,

          • RV.LO4.2.b.5.1 facts

            • Distinguish facts from opinions (H1-H.1)
            • Distinguish facts from opinions (H2-H.1)

          • RV.LO4.2.b.5.2 reasons

            • Choose the best evidence to support a claim (H1-H.3)
            • Identify supporting evidence in a text (H1-H.4)
            • Choose the analysis that logically connects the evidence to the claim (H1-H.6)
            • Choose the best evidence to support a claim (H2-H.3)
            • Identify supporting evidence in a text (H2-H.4)
            • Choose the analysis that logically connects the evidence to the claim (H2-H.6)

          • RV.LO4.2.b.5.3 appeal to an authority

            • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H1-I.1)
            • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H2-I.1)

          • RV.LO4.2.b.5.4 use of logic (e.g., to achieve unity and coherence in arguments)

            • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H1-I.1)
            • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H2-I.1)

        • RV.LO4.2.b.6 Recognise how the writer's use of persuasive language (e.g., choice of words to appeal to authority, novelty or emotions, rhetorical question) varies according to the purpose and audience for the writing to achieve impact

          • Identify audience and purpose (H1-B.3)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H1-I.1)
          • Identify audience and purpose (H2-B.3)
          • Identify appeals to ethos, pathos and logos in advertisements (H2-I.1)

• Extensive Reading and Viewing

  • RV.LO5b Sustain reading and viewing widely for pleasure, personal development and learning in the literary/ content areas

    • RV.LO5b.1 Reading and Viewing Widely

      • RV.LO5b.1.a Types of Texts

        • RV.LO5b.1.a.1 Read and view, demonstrating the ability to discriminate among a variety of reading-age-appropriate and more thought-provoking books and texts of different genres, from print and non-print sources, as an integral part of daily life, e.g.,

          • RV.LO5b.1.a.1.1 Poetry (e.g., narrative poems, limericks)

          • RV.LO5b.1.a.1.2 Personal recounts (e.g.,diary entries, biographies, memoirs)

          • RV.LO5b.1.a.1.3 Narratives (e.g., science fiction, contemporary realistic fiction)

          • RV.LO5b.1.a.1.4 Procedures (e.g., directions, instructional materials, experiments)

          • RV.LO5b.1.a.1.5 Factual recounts (e.g., travelogues, news bulletins, notes of meeting)

          • RV.LO5b.1.a.1.6 Information reports (e.g., project reports, news reports)

          • RV.LO5b.1.a.1.7 Explanations (e.g., a phenomenon)

          • RV.LO5b.1.a.1.8 Expositions (e.g., proposals, arguments)

          • RV.LO5b.1.a.1.9 A mixture of types and forms (e.g., a personal recount in an exposition)

      • RV.LO5b.1.b Text Response

        • RV.LO5b.1.b.1 Re-read and review parts of a text/ book

        • RV.LO5b.1.b.2 Present a critical response, e.g.,

          • RV.LO5b.1.b.2.1 put together a portfolio of response notes and quote extracts which reflect the social context of the writing

          • RV.LO5b.1.b.2.2 present a critical commentary based on a set of criteria